The Harvard style of referencing does not provide any specific direction for preparing an annotated bibliography. The following is one possible format. It is recommended that you consult with your lecturer for more specific guidelines on how to present the annotated bibliography.
Solomon, M.R. (2019) Consumer behavior: buying, having and being. 13th global edn. Harlow: Pearson Education.
A distinguished lecturer in Philadelphia and publisher of many books on Consumer Behaviour, Solomon presents his 13th edition of this book to cover what happens before, during and after the point of purchase. Solomon proclaims in the book that teaching this course every semester brings home the need for relevancy and currency in examples and so backs up all chapter content with simulated and actual situations supported by links to academic publications. Chapters cover internal and external influences on behaviour as well as consumer well-being, ethics and consequences of decision making on the environment. In addition, attitudes, persuasive communication and participatory marketing are shown how they lead to purchases. Many pertinent examples and case studies cognisant of the current digital age of artificial intelligence, social media and changes in society are also shown. This book shows a comprehensive portrayal of the subject suitable to students in a professional and personal way in a very clear style which would benefit the general reader along with the more knowledgeable.
Below is a sample annotation. The superscript numbers at the end of the sentence explain the features or elements covered (see key below).
Luo, X., Tong, S., Fang, Z. and Qu, Z. (2019) 'Frontiers: machines vs. humans: the impact of artificial intelligence chatbot disclosure on customer purchases', Marketing Science, 38(6), pp. 937-947. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2019.1192.1
This article describes a study by a major internet-based financial services company in China on the renewal of a loan after getting a time-bound offer by phone from either a human caller or from an AI chat-bot.2 Calls were randomized to over 6,200 customers with distinctions between calls from a human salesperson of varying experience and calls from a chatbot notified of this at varying stages of the chat.3 The results show just as much success from undisclosed chatbots as skilled human staff and purchases figures almost 400% higher from the chatbots than inexperienced human employees when the customer was unaware that they were talking to a chatbot until after the purchase decision.4 However, earlier knowledge of the artificial nature of the conversation resulted in substantially reduced call length and significantly less purchases.5 This research is limited in its application to a specific context and industry (i.e. financial services).6 Calls were highly structured with no deviation from script. Results may differ in more dynamic calls. This article is useful to my research on purchase intention and the use of chatbots, even with the many advances in artificial intelligence this year, as it remains a fairly new method of marketing.7
1 Full citation
2 Aim and scope of the research
3 Brief summary of methods (where appropriate)
4 Summary of findings
5 Author’s main contention/ argument
6 Limitations for your study
7 Usefulness for your research and reflection on how it will be applied.
The format of your annotated bibliography follows the same format as any APA assignment:
Use 1-inch page margins on all sides.
The entire page should be double-spaced.
Title your page “Annotated Bibliography”. Centre the heading and make it bold. Consider creating a descriptive title, with the inclusion of "An Annotated Bibliography" as the subtitle.
Left-align references. If a reference runs over more than one line, any line(s) that comes after the first should be indented a ½ inch from the left margin.
Organize your references alphabetically by the first word in the reference.
Add the annotations on the line right after their corresponding reference.
Note that the entire annotation below the reference should be indented, so that only the first line of the reference is to the left margin. This makes it easier for a reader to skim the list for author names or publication dates.
Include a page number in the upper right corner.
The following fonts can be used: Times New Roman 12pt, Calibri 11pt, Arial 11pt, Lucida Sans Unicode 10pt and Georgia 11pt
Espie, C. (2021). Overcoming insomnia: A self-help guide using cognitive behavioural techniques (2nd ed.). Little, Brown Book Group.
Written by internationally renowned sleep expert in Oxford University, Colin Espie, this book offers a full guide to solve insomnia problems using cognitive behavioural techniques (CBT). It treats the reader as if in one of Espie’s sleep clinics, but following the advice at home. Completing sleep diaries and a personalised plan of action is possible through a detailed explanation of the CBT approach in easy-to-follow language. Worksheets are provided in the book with links to other blank ones on Espie’s website to aid the analysis. CBT has a few aspects to its treatment including educational (sleep physiology or healthy behaviours), cognitive (restructuring negative sleep beliefs or reducing excessive worry about sleep) and behavioural (sleep restriction and stimulus control therapy) components as well as relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation or imagery relaxation to promote sleep). These techniques are explained and the reader is assured of success once the undoubtedly hard work and time is put in to resolve the insomnia.
Below is a sample annotation (APA). The superscript numbers at the end of the sentence explain the features or elements covered (see key below).
Bhat, S., Pinto-Zipp, G., Upadhyay, H., & Polos, P. G. (2018). “To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults. Sleep Health, 4(2), 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.0041
This article focuses on the extent to which using social media on mobile devices in bed is associated with sleep disturbances leading to insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood and sleep duration in adults.2 An online questionnaire was completed by 855 hospital employees of varying ages and university students in America to gauge their device use in bed.3 The results showed that nearly 70% of participants did use the devices in bed to look at social media with nearly 15% doing so for an hour or more.4 Those with a high level of use were more likely to have insomnia, anxiety and short sleep duration on weeknights, but not depression or daytime sleepiness; those with a low usage in bed were only more likely to sleep less without any sleep disorder.5 The study also investigated if a bed-partner using a device affected their partner’s sleep and mood and no association was found. Limitations of this study are the self-reporting nature of the data which may have lead to recall errors or bias.6 In addition, other factors may have been responsible for the sleep disturbances which cannot be excluded from consideration. With its focus on device use in bed, this should prove a useful article for my research on insomnia.7
1 Full citation
2 Aim and scope of the research
3 Brief summary of methods (where appropriate)
4 Summary of findings
5 Author’s main contention/ argument
6 Limitations for your study
7 Usefulness for your research and reflection on how it will be applied.
Note: The above examples would be double-spaced and indented as per the guidelines outlined above for APA in the assignment.