Citations:
Page numbers are always used in citations after quotations. They are not mandatory for in-text citations for paraphrases or summaries, but APA encourages them when it would help the reader to find the relevant section or information in a long or complex text. You can also check with your lecturer(s) as to their preference in this regard for your assignments.
After doing intensive research in Ireland, Kay (2011, p. 5) describes “working with a beautiful people who are always sizing you up with a wary eye but, in the end, are welcoming and trusting”.
Reference List:
In the Reference List, use the abbreviations p. for a single page (e.g. p. 10) and pp. for a page range (e.g. pp. 11-12) to precede digitised books and book chapter references. These abbreviations are not required for journal and magazine article references, unless they do not have a volume and it is required to make it obvious to the reader that it is a page number(s).
Fahy, D. (2020). Ecological modernisation, Irish-style: Explaining Ireland's slow transition to low carbon society. In D. Robbins, D. Torney, & P. Brereton (Eds.), Ireland and the climate crisis (pp. 131-148). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47587-1
If a source contains no page numbers, such as a webpage or online newspaper articles, do not include a page number in the relevant reference entries.
For direct quotations from a source without page numbers, use the major sections, headings or chapters and paragraph numbers.
Mullins (2019, para. 5) found that …
You can also refer to a specific section heading (or abbreviated heading in quotation marks if it is long) and a paragraph number within that section.
“National universities in Europe are adopting strategies that are increasingly shaped by binding agreements adopted at the European level” (Mattei, 2014, ‘Public accountability reforms’, para. 14).
You should cite album tracks or times, video frames or times, or other specific points on a larger piece of work in the same way:
(Kennedy, 2019, track 23)
To point the reader to a specific spot in an audio-visual source (e.g. video, podcasts), include a timestamp in the APA style in-text citation, just as you would include a page number under similar circumstances for a print source like a book or journal.
Time should be in the 24-hour clock in the format hh:mm:
(Kennedy, 2019, 02.32)