Citations:
Page numbers are always used in citations after quotations. They are not mandatory for in-text citations for paraphrases or summaries, but APA encourages them when it would help the reader to find the relevant section or information in a long or complex text. You can also check with your lecturer(s) as to their preference in this regard for your assignments.
Reference List:
In the Reference List, use the abbreviations p. for a single page (e.g. p. 10) and pp. for a page range (e.g. pp. 11-12) to precede newspaper article and book chapter references. These abbreviations are not required for journal and magazine article references, unless they do not have a volume and it is required to make it obvious to the reader that it is a page number(s).
If a source contains no page numbers, such as a webpage or online newspaper articles, do not include a page number in the relevant reference entries.
For direct quotations from a source without page numbers, use the major sections, headings or chapters and paragraph numbers.
You can also refer to a specific section heading (or abbreviated heading in quotation marks if it is long) and a paragraph number within that section.
You should cite album tracks or times, video frames or times, or other specific points on a larger piece of work in the same way:
To point the reader to a specific spot in an audio-visual source (e.g. video, podcasts), include a timestamp in the APA style in-text citation, just as you would include a page number under similar circumstances for a print source like a book or journal.
Time should be in the 24-hour clock in the format hh:mm:
