Harvard Style

Journal article (print)

• Author(s) (SURNAME, initials)
• Year of publication
• 'Title of article’
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)       
• Issue information (volume, issue, pages)

Journal article (online)

• Author(s) (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of article’.
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
• [Online].
• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages)
• Available from: http://… [Date viewed]

Journal article (database without DOI)

Journal articles retrieved from databases without a DOI can be referenced like a print journal, as above.

Journal article (with DOI)

There is no need for a ‘Viewed date’ when using a DOI, since the link is permanent.

• Author(s) (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of article’.
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
• [Online].
• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages)
• DOI

Journal article (pre-publication)

“Pre-print”, “In press” and “advanced online publication” usually refer to articles that have been accepted for publication, but may not yet have been assigned to a publication volume/issue. These articles can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI.

• Author(s) (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of article’.
• To be published in (if this is stated).
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages)
• [Pre-print]
• Available from: URL and [Date viewed] or DOI

Journal Article (with article numbers, not page numbers)

If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range.

• Author(s) (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year.
• ‘Title of article’.
• Journal Title (in italics)
• Volume,
• article no: article number [no pagination]

Webpage

• Author (SURNAME, Initials or Organisation name)
• Year
• Title of webpage (in italics).
• Available from: URL
• [Viewed date].

If no date can be established, use n.d. to indicate no date in the citation and the reference.

Blog

• Author of message
• Year that the site was published/last updated
• ‘Title of message’ (in single quotation marks)
• Title of internet site (in italics)
• Day/month of posted message
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Twitter

• Author
• Year tweet posted
• full text of tweet (If a tweet is longer than 20 words, write the first 20 words and then use […] to indicate that extra words have been omitted)
• [Twitter]
• Day/month tweet posted
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Facebook

• Author
• Year that the page was published/last updated
• Title of page (in italics)
• [Facebook]
• Day/month of posted message
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Instagram

• Author (Instagram account holder/poster)
• Year posted
• Title of post (in italics)
• [Instagram]
• Day/month of posted message
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

TikTok

• Author (poster)
• Year posted
• Title of post (in italics)
• [TikTok]
• Day/month of posted message
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Wikis

• ‘Title of article’ (in single quotation marks)
• Year that the entry was published/last updated
• Title of wiki site (in italics)
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Newspaper article (print)

• Author (SURNAME, Initials) (if name of writer not given, start with the name of the Newspaper (in italics))
• Year of publication.
• 'Title of article' (you can include this in inverted commas).
• Title of newspaper (in italics).
• Date of publication (day and month)
• Page reference.

Newspaper article (online)

• Author (SURNAME, Initials) (if name of writer not given, start with the name of the Newspaper (in italics))
• Year of publication.
• 'Title of article' (you can include this in inverted commas).
• Title of newspaper (in italics).
• Date of publication (day and month)
• Available from: URL [viewed date].

Dictionary or Encyclopaedia

• Author or Editor (SURNAME, initials)
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of section’.
• ‘In:’ followed by author/editor of book, (in direct order)
• Title of book (in italics).
• Place of publication: Publisher.

Thesis or Dissertation

• Author (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year of submission.
• Title of thesis (in italics).
• Unpublished thesis
• Degree statement,
• Degree awarding body
• DOI or Available from: URL [viewed date] (if viewed online)

Market Research Report (Online Database)

• Author (Name of Organisation)
• Year of publication.
• Title of report. (in italics)
• Place of Publication: Publisher or Available from: URL [viewed date]

If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username and password, use the homepage of the database in your reference (this will be the first page you view after you have logged into the database).

Dataset

• Author
• Year
• Title of data (in italics)
• Type of work (i.e. dataset)
• Available from: URL [viewed date]

Government Publication

• Country of Government (in CAPITALS).
• Name of Government Department
• Year of publication
• Title (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher
• If online add: Available from: URL [viewed date]

Company Report

• Author
• Year of publication.
• Title of report. (in italics)
• Place of Publication: Publisher or URL 

Standard

• Name of authority or organisation (in CAPITALS).
• Year of publication.
• Number and title of standard (in italics).
• Place of publication: Publisher.
• DOI or Available from: URL [viewed date] (if accessed online)

Statute / Act

• Title of Act including year (in italics)
• (Number of Act) (in round brackets -in italics)
• Part & Section (if applicable in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher.

Law Report

• Case (in italics)
• [Date]
• Volume number.
• Abbreviations for title of report series
• First page number of case

EU Directive

• ‘Legislation type’ (in single quotation marks)
• ‘Number and title’ (in single quotation marks)
• Year
• Official Journal (in italics)
• Issue
• Page numbers

Conference Paper

• Author
• Year of publication
• Title of the contribution paper
• In: Name of editor or conference chair
• Title of conference proceedings (in Italics)
• Date and place of conference
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Page numbers

Conference Paper (Journal)

• Author of paper
• Year of publication
• ‘Title of paper’ (from the Conference title, location, date, if included)
• Title of Journal (in italics)
• Issue information (volume, issue, date)
• Page numbers

Conference Paper (Internet)

• Author
• Year of publication.
• 'Title of paper', 
• Title of conference: subtitle. (in italics)
• Date of conference,
• Location.
• Publisher.
• Available from: URL [viewed date] or DOI.

Conference Presentation

• Author (surname, initials)
• Year of conference
• ‘Title of the poster or presentation’.
• In:
• Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the conference, (in italics),
• Day and month of conference,
• Location of conference.
• Available from: URL [Viewed date].

Illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables (print)

If you are citing an illustration, figure, diagram or table, start with the source in which it appeared. In your in-text citation, give the page number and any caption number that will help to identify the illustration, using the terminology in the book or article (for example, illus./fig./diagram/logo/table). The reference list entry will be for the whole article or book.

Chaudhary (2020, p. 23, fig. 1.3) illustrates three groups of organisms- yeasts, molds and mushrooms.

Olson and Ahluwalia (2021, p. 1031, fig. 1) investigate the likelihood of sharing favourable word of mouth...

• Author/Artist (SURNAME, Initials)
• Year of publication
• Title of image, figure, illustration or table.
• [material type] (chart, diagram, graph, illustration or photograph).
• In: Title of the Book which contains the image (in italics).
• ed. (if not 1st edition)
• Place of Publication: Publisher,
• Page.

Image from an online journal

• Author
• Year of publication
• Title of image or figure
• [Type of image] (Chart, Diagram, Graph, Illustration, Map, or Photograph)

• ‘Title of article’

• Title of journal, (in Italics)
• Volume (Issue)
• Page of image
• Available from: URL [Viewed date] or DOI

Image, illustration, photo or table (online)

• Photographer/Creator (CAPITALS).
• Year of publication.
• Title of image, figure, illustration or table (in italics)
• [type of image]. (image, chart, diagram, graph, illustration or photograph)
• Available: URL
• [viewed date]

Photographs (Online Collection)

• Photographer
• Year of publication
• Title of photograph/video (or collection) (in italics)
• Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Painting

• Artist
• Year (if available)
• Title of the work (in italics)
• [Medium] (in square brackets)
• City, Country: Institution or collection that houses the work
• If accessed online: DOI or Available from: URL [Viewed date]

Map

• Author/Originator/cartographer of map (SURNAME, Initial)
• Year of publication.
• Title (in italics),
• Sheet number, scale.
• Place of publication: Publisher
• (Series) (in round brackets)

Exhibitions

• Title of exhibition (in italics)
• Year
• [Exhibition]
• Location.
• Date(s) of exhibition

Exhibition Catalogue

• Creator/author(s) (Surname, Initial(s).
• Year of publication
• Title (in italics)
• [exhibition catalogue].
• Location and date of exhibition.
• Place of publication: Publisher.

Film

• Title of film (in italics)

• Year
• [film].
• Directed by
• Place: Production Company.
• Year DVD was released (if DVD).

Online Video

• Name of person/organisation posting video
• Year video posted
• Title of film or programme (in italics)
• [Online video]
• Date uploaded
• Available from: URL [viewed date]

TV Programme

• Title of programme (in italics)
• Year of transmission
• Transmission channel
• Date of transmission (day/month), time of transmission

Episode of a TV Series

• ‘Title of episode’ (in single quotation marks) if known; if not, use series title
• Year of transmission
• Title of programme (in italics)
• Series and episode numbers
• Transmission channel
• Date of transmission (day/month), time of transmission

Radio Programme (Online)

• Title of programme,
• Year of transmission.
• Name of channel,
• Date and time of original transmission.
• Available from: URL [Viewed date].

Podcast

• Author/presenter
• Year that the site was published/last updated
• Title of podcast (in italics)
• [Podcast]
• Day/month of posted message
• Available from: URL [Viewed date].

Lecture Notes (print)

• Lecturer (SURNAME, Initials),
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of item’.
• Name of academic module (in italics),
• Institution,
• Unpublished.

Lecture Notes or Powerpoint Slides (online): Moodle

• Lecturer (SURNAME, Initials),
• Year of publication.
• ‘Title of item’
• [Type of work] (lecture notes or powerpoint presentation)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of Moodle [viewed date]

Recorded Lectures

• Lecturer
• Year
• ‘Title of lecture’
• [Medium] (recorded lecture)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Institution or venue
• Day/month
• Available at: URL [viewed date]

Music on CD or Vinyl

• Artist
• Year of release
• ‘Title of track’
• Title of album (in italics)
• [CD or vinyl]
• Place of distribution: Distributor

Music Streaming

• Artist name (individual, band, orchestra)
• Year of release
• ‘Title of song/track title’ (in single quotation marks)
• Title of album (in italics)
• Available from: URL of streaming service [Viewed date]